Understanding Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a progressive eye condition that primarily affects older adults. It is a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of macular degeneration, including its causes, symptoms, and available treatments.

What is Macular Degeneration?

The macula is a small, central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. Macular degeneration occurs when the macula deteriorates over time, leading to central vision impairment. There are two main types of macular degeneration: dry AMD and wet AMD.

Dry AMD: This is the more common form, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is characterized by the slow deterioration of the macula, resulting in the formation of drusen, small yellow deposits beneath the retina. Over time, this can lead to a gradual loss of central vision.

Wet AMD: Although less common, wet AMD is more severe and can cause rapid vision loss. It is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula, which can leak blood and fluid, damaging the macula and causing distorted or blurry vision.

Causes of Macular Degeneration

While the exact cause of macular degeneration is not fully understood, several risk factors have been identified:

Age: AMD is most common in individuals over the age of 50, and the risk increases with age.

Genetics: A family history of macular degeneration may increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for AMD, as it can damage blood vessels and increase oxidative stress in the eyes.

Diet: A diet low in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals may contribute to the development and progression of macular degeneration.

Cardiovascular Disease: Conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol can increase the risk of AMD.

Symptoms of Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration often progresses slowly, and symptoms may not be noticeable in the early stages. Common symptoms include:

• Blurred or distorted central vision
• Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
• Straight lines appearing wavy or crooked
• Decreased brightness or intensity of colours
• Difficulty adapting to low light conditions

Diagnosis and Treatment

Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection of macular degeneration. Eye doctors may use various diagnostic tools, such as retinal imaging and visual acuity tests, to assess the health of the macula.

While there is no cure for macular degeneration, several treatments aim to slow its progression and manage symptoms:

AREDS 2 formula nutritional supplements: In patients who have advanced dry macular degeneration in one eye, these nutritional supplements can be helpful in slowing down the progression in the other eye.

Anti-VEGF Injections: In the case of wet AMD, injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs can help inhibit the growth of abnormal blood vessels.

Low Vision Aids: Devices such as magnifiers and telescopic lenses can assist individuals with macular degeneration in maximizing their remaining vision.

Macular degeneration poses a significant threat to vision, particularly in the aging population. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments is crucial for early detection and effective management of the condition. Regular eye check-up with Optometrist or Ophthalmologist, a healthy lifestyle, and prompt intervention can help individuals maintain better visual health and quality of life despite the challenges posed by macular degeneration.

Dr. Swati Sinkar

Dr. Swati Sinkar is a dedicated and experienced General Ophthalmologist with a special interest in cataract surgery, Pterygium surgery, eyelid malpositions, glaucoma treatment, Macular degeneration treatment, and paediatric ophthalmic conditions. She has been extensively trained in Australia and overseas and was awarded a Fellowship from RANZCO in 2015. Passionate about preventing paediatric blindness, she established neonatal screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Northern Adelaide at Lyell McEwin Hospital. Dr. Sinkar mentors trainees, teaches internationally, and values evidence-based medicine, with numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals. Outside work, she enjoys cooking, travel, cricket, and badminton.